Lincoln


 * Entry #1**

3/22/2011
==ELECTRONICS == === Electronic devises can vary by a lot. Analog signals run very smoothly like a clock hand spinning around constantly. A digital signal doesn’t run smoothly in a clock it goes from 4:47 to 4:48 with no seconds in between. Semiconductors you can control and make them give or take electrons and it doesn't produce as much heat as conductors but it still is a conductor. A diode is used to force the electrons through one path. Integrated circuits contain many transistors and other electronic components in a very small area. Transistors are used to amplify signals === === Electronic devi c es are very important in space missions. You have to use programs to get a rover to move. You also have to build a ton of circuits for the robot to know what to do. Electronics are needed to build the computer the NASA people need even to create the robot and program it. Electronics are absolutely necessary for the mission to M ars. === ===//Ms. Mc: Good overview of electronics and initial ideas about how we would use electronic devices. A few more specific examples (i.e., cameras, navigation systems, solar panels, etc.) would have strengthened paragraph 2. Please check your work for spelling errors. 8/10 //===

**Entry #2**

3/29/2011
= ROCKETS = === It appears that the creation of rockets was an accident and that it was used for military purposes. Rockets were created by Chinese when they created gunpowder and filled it in a bamboo tube for religious purposes and some flew off. After figuring that out they experimented with it to create weapons out of it such as rocket arrows. After others saw China and their rocket arrows many tried to create weapons out of this creating rocket launchers, torpedoes, bazookas, missiles etc. All of rocketry development was going into fireworks or warfare. ===



All of rocketry developments were going into warfare until in 1898 a Rusian teacher proposed the idea about space travel. Most were using solid propellant for rockets such as gunpowder but Robert H Goddard tried using liquid propellant. His first rockets with liquid propellant didn't work very well. After a while Russian and Americans created satellites and shuttles. All of a sudden people were walking on the moon sending rovers to Mars. Space opened up for exploration with these rockets starting a new age.



//Ms. Mc: A good start on summarizing the history of rocketry but whenever you discuss history, it's important to include many specific dates and names. Your drawings are creative but don't forget to insert them in your text when your discuss them, include figure #s in your captions, and refer to them specifically (i.e., "as seen in Figure 1 . . .). Please check your work for grammar errors. 12/15//

**Entry #3**

==**4/4/2011 ** ==

media type="custom" key="8962874" align="left"

To start the simulation hit the green flag. To stop it hit the red button; after you hit the red button if you hit the green flag it will restart the entire simulation. After the video is done just hit the green flag again to see it another time. If you don’t want to see it again hit the red stop sign or exit the window. To hear the sounds hit make sure your speakers and volume is up.

**Entry #4**

==4/11/2011 ==

Rocket Parts


This paragraph describes the rocket parts in the image above. The nose cone is used to keep the rocket more arrow-dynamic so it flies better and further and also to keep the mechanical parts inside the rocket from falling out. The body tube is the main part of the rocket that keeps the recovery system, recovery wadding, motor mount, and the rocket inside, but the fins. The recovery system is used to slowly descend the rocket back down for re-usage. The recovery wadding is used to make sure that the recovery system doesn't get tampered with from the ignition of the rocket and ejection of the nose cone. The launch lug is used to direct the rocket to launch up vertically. The fins are there to keep the rocket going straight and not to fly around aimlessly. The motor mount is used to secure the motor in place. The rocket motor is used to lift the rocket off the ground and make it fly.

//Ms. Mc: Very good labels and explanation! Please read over your entries to check for errors (highlighted section) (-1/2). 19.5/20 //

**Entry #5**
=Rocket launch report =

The purpose of the experiment was to see if the mass changed the apogee of the rocket. There are four stages a rocket goes through before it reaches its apogee stage. First, on the launch pad, there is the force of gravity, which is the attraction between any two physical masses, so the launch pad pushed against the rocket so it doesn’t get pulled towards the center of the earth. Second, the rocket lifts off by using the engine to get enough thrust (which is the force that pushes an object forward) to overcome gravity and accelerate upwards. Third, there is powered flight which is when it keeps flying after liftoff by using the engine, so the thrust from the engine overcomes the force of gravity and air resistance (which is friction between the rocket and the air, air resistance because the rocket is moving). Fourth, the rocket coasted in which it no longer uses the thrust of the engines, so gravity and air resistance could slow down the rocket and make it reach its apogee. At this stage, the rocket keeps moving because of inertia (an object in motion tends to stay in motion). Finally, the rocket reaches its apogee which is when the rocket reaches its peak of height and stops moving and gravity is the only force acting upon it and starts to pull it down. For the experiment, it was hypothesized that the more mass the rocket had then the apogee of the rocket will be less than a lighter rocket’s apogee. The reasons are that if the rocket has more mass at lift off, gravity would pull down on the rocket more due to its mass, so the rocket would have to need more thrust to lift off. When the rocket needed more thrust then it would have less thrust for the powered flight. When there wasn't as much thrust for powered flight then the rocket didn't get as much speed as lighter rockets. When the rocket didn’t get enough speed, gravity could overcome inertia to stop the rocket and it would reach its apogee quicker. Therefore, the greater the mass of the rocket, the quicker it comes to apogee which makes it go less high. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The masses of each rocket all varied but mainly clustered around 42.8g through 44.3g and the apogee of the rockets ranged from 71m to 104m. As can be seen in Graph 1, in general, it seems that the more the mass the higher the apogee. The lightest rocket that fits the data flew the lowest (71m) and the heaviest rocket that fits the data flew the highest (104m). So, the data rejected the hypothesis as it showed a direct relationship between the rocket mass and apogee. For example, a rocket mass of 43g lead to an apogee of 71m and a rocket mass of 46g lead to an apogee of 104m. So, as the rocket mass increased so did the apogee. However, two outliers in the data were found where rocket mass was not related to apogee. The outlier 135 and the exceptional 84, which had very different angle measurements, were the exceptions. The rocket that flew 135m had strong winds, lots of clouds, and had very different angle measurements that could have led to errors in measurement. The 84m rocket had very different angle measurements, had a parachute malfunction, and an abnormal launch which could have led to error in the measurement. The outliers most likely occurred due to human error in measuring the angle. However, all of the data points besides the outliers showed that rocket mass and apogee had a direct relationship.

<span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Graph 1: Apogee direct relationship & rocket masses 

**Entry #6**

=<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">The universe =


 * What is a galaxy? How did they form? **

A galaxy is a huge clump of stars gas and dust pulling other planets and solar systems in a spiral due to it's massive gravitational pull. Galaxy's formed when huge amounts of gas, dust, and stars collided with one another and kept colliding with others getting bigger and bigger. The huge amounts of gas, dust, and stars are kept together tightly due to an inner black hole. The black hole keeps everything spinning and keeping all of it together. So the galaxy is a black hole that has a lot of particles clinging on to it.
 * How did are moon come to revolve around the earth?**

====A planetesimal collided with earth and fuse into a super earth. When the super earth was created a chunk was chipped of which became the moon. since of the large magnetic field of earth it keeps the moon circling around it also the gravity keeps it there and is pulling it down to earth. So the earth was created because it got hit by a planetesimal about the size of mars.====

//Ms. Mc: Very good answers and figures. I especailly like how you drew the second one! Don't forget to add captions to all figures/graphs/tables (-1). You also were to refer to them directly in your text (i.e., "as seen in figure 1, ...") (-1). Please make your entry titles a little more specific to what is in the entry. 8/10//

**Entry #****7**

<span style="display: block; line-height: 150%; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"> Robots! <span style="display: block; line-height: 150%; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"> By Lincoln There is a long history of robots that goes as far back as 350 B.C. A robot is a bunch of circuit boards and programing to make an object move. There are different ways robots work; they can be remotely controlled by a person, or it could work by itself using computer programs. Robots have advanced very much in recent years and they can take many different shapes, such as humanoid, pet, medical tools, transportation vehicles, etc. Robot history goes far back into the legends and ancient myths. An ancient Greek mathematician Archytas built one of the first robots, a model pigeon which was propelled by steam in 350 B.C. In 200 B.C Ctesibus made a water clock that had movable figures in them which measure time based on constant water flow. Later on in 1495, Leonardo DaVinci made little robot people to amuse royalty. In the 1800’s, remote control robots were created and used for fun. These ideas have evolved into modern day battle bots which are made by teams to have a tournament of robots battling each other for fun. Today, there are many different robots that are made to look like pets or humans, such as Japan’s Saya (the name of the robot) teacher robot which can express only very basic feelings. In the twentieth century, robots began to be used to explore space. For example the space telescope Hubble was a great invention that gave as an entire new view of space. Another example is the mars rover which goes out and explores mars to see if it once had life. Robots have also been increasingly used for medical purposes. For example, the “Da Vinci” robot was created for to remove human error in medical procedures. The robot removes human error because it allowed doctor’s to move in 7 dimensions of freedom when operating on a person. Robots shall become an even greater help in the future.

// Ms. Mc: Great overview of the history of robotics! You were 2 include 2 pictures and refer to them in your text as well. +6 extra credit points. //

<span style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Entry #8**

The challenge the robot had to do here was go driving on the table to the edge and see the blue tape on the edge so it stopped and said watch out. The first block Is a move block that tells the robot to move forward forever at 20% power using the servo motors c, and b. The next block is a wait block which will wait until the light sensor in port 3 see's a shade darker less than 30% white. The next block after the robot sees the line will stop both servo motors c and b from doing anything. After that a sound block will tell the robot to play the sound watch out at full volume.